Emerson And Self-Reliance Essays - Lecturers, Mystics,

Emerson And Self-Reliance Ralph Emerson wrote many journals and essays dealing with the subject of transcendentalism. One of his most famous works is the essay "Self-Reliance." In "Self-Reliance," Emerson hit on the idea that the individual should be completely reliant on God, and that every person has been put into their certain life and position by God and that the person needs to trust themselves. He said that God has put the power to handle things, think, and act into each individual and that the individual needs to trust what God has put inside them to do things with their lives. The idea is almost that of predestination, except for the fact that we have the choice of which road to take. Predestination is the idea that a higher power, or God, has planned everything that will happen to a person in their life. Emerson's idea is that God has put the choice to us, but he has given us all of our unique gifts for the paths we can choose to take. In "Self-Reliance," Emerson wrote, "Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Accept the place the divine providence has found for you, the society of your contempararies, the connection of events" (Runes 362). Emerson also gave the idea of trusting ourselves through God. He said that you have to trust in God to tell you what to do and what to think. He said that if you do this that God will provide answers (363). Another quote from his popular essay, "Self-Reliance," supports this. "And we are now men, and must accept in the highest mind the same transcendent destiny; and not minors and invalids in a protected corner, not cowards fleeing before a revolution, but guides, redeemers and benefactors, obeying the Almighty effort and advancing on Chaos and the Dark" (363). Emerson also had the idea that we need to be ourselves, especially in the things that we say. Again from the popular essay, "Self-Reliance," he spoke about how we need to say what we think one day, and then speak what is on your mind the next day, even if you completely contradict what you said in the first day. Then he said that people will definitely not understand you if this happens (365). That goes along with the whole idea above about how transcendentalism was widely misunderstood because even the great minds that thought it up don't fully understand everything about the philosophy. Emerson concludes this thought to say that, "To be great is to be misunderstood" (365). Emerson is obviously the father of transcendentalism, and his great ideas were conveyed in his brilliant essays, journals, and poems. He helped pass the philosophy on to other philosophers and writers. One of these writers is Thoreau. Thoreau studied under Emerson and also wrote many pieces dealing with the subject of transcendentalism. One of his most popular pieces of writing about transcendentalism is "Walden."

The Pros and Cons of Freelance Writing Online

The Pros and Cons of Freelance Writing Online The Pros and Cons of Freelance Writing Online The Pros and Cons of Freelance Writing Online By Guest Author Freelance writing online is often touted as a dream job. It certainly has its benefits, but it has its downfalls as well. In fact, the drawbacks to freelance writing are often the flip side to the positives of the profession. The Pros 1. Your schedule allows for a fair bit of flexibility. Because you are essentially working for yourself, the job allows you to write in just about any location: your home office, a neighborhood cafe, the beach (so long as your computer doesn’t run out of batteries and the wireless connection isn’t hampered)anywhere you want. Need a day off? No problem. There is no boss to check in with, and so long as you meet your deadlines and set time to deal with the backlog upon your return, you’re all set. 2. You have a multitude of clientsand can walk away from one if it’s not working with you. Most of us have had a boss that made our life miserable at some point in time. I used to dread going to work, and tried to plan my day around avoiding this person. Writing online allows you to work with a multitude of clients, so an occassional bad experience does not ruin your life. You also have the ability to stop working with a client if things aren’t copasetic. 3. You can make an unlimited amount of money. I’ve certainly met my share of six-figure freelancers, and those who make a decent living working part-time hours. Although there is a cap to the amount of writing you can do (and the pay per word or article you will find), publishing a book, developing a product, teaching workshops (in person or online) or speaking at live events are always options. Unlike working for a company or individual who keeps the hard-earned money you bring into the business, you are rewarded monetarily for your own innovation. 4. You are responsible for your own successes. This can be incredibly empowering and gratifying, especially over time. To see a viable, lucrative business, self-taught and self-made, develop and thrive from a simple fleeting idea there’s nothing like it. The Cons 1. Your work can take over your life, if you let it. My partner in crime works normal business hours, and his presence keeps me somewhat sane. I know this because when he’s left for business trips, I’ve found myself sitting in a pile of papers and reference materials until the week morning hours. If you allow distractions (such as the telephone or social media) to creep in while you’re working, the boundaries can become inseparable and you can find yourself whittling the night away with little to show for it. Accepting an occasional last-minute project (particularly when rush fees are provided) and having a week or two with a heavier workload than normal is one thing. However, not creating space devoid of work (and being fiercely protective of it) is a recipe for burnout. 2. You will likely have less-than-savory interactions with clients and editors. Some are simply communication problems. Having to rewrite some copy because your client didn’t explain what they wanted in the first place, for example, can sometimes be prevented by getting very specific, detailed instructions. But some people are impossible to please, it seems, or perhaps they need to find a different writer. Disorganized editors who lose things and ask for them to be resent ad nauseum, people who take your ideas and run with them (without hiring you) and general poor manners and frustrating behavior is common. 3. You have to sort through the rubble. For every client that pays you a reasonable hourly fee, there will be ten who expect you to work for pennies (or worse, for free). Perhaps due in part to the proliferation of content mills, many writers have no problem working for cheap. There is certainly money out there for freelance writing online, but you have to look for it. 4. You are responsible for your own failure. No more going into work exhausted because you stayed up late reading Harry Potter, or checking your e-mail during work hours and picking up a paycheckunless you’re prepared to see the outcome in your bottom line. Freelance writing isn’t just a dream job. It’s work. About the Author: Yael Grauer is a freelance writer and editor. She also provides proofreading and copyediting services to small businesses and creative entrepreneurs, to help spiff up their e-books, online courses and web copy. Find her at YaelWrites.com. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Latin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

Witchcraft in the 17th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Witchcraft in the 17th Century - Essay Example Many women owned property and operated farms and businesses in competition with their male neighbors. Disputes arose, especially after a husband died and left property to his widow.† (Wilson, 78) This period of history was marked by politico-religious turmoil too. The gender politics that began as a reaction to women’s economic empowerment got mixed with bigotry. Hence, women were now much more likely than men to be accused of witchcraft and tortured that way. The events like the Salem Witch Trials (1692) manifested as an orgy of violence, mainly targeted against women. The policymakers were then frightened to witness the mass hysteria associated with the power of the Puritans. Hence, banning this practice became a legislative imperative. Hence an effort to make the politico-legal system of America more even-handed towards women began which continued even during the 19th century as has been pointed out by Gretchen. As shown in the film ‘The Crucible’, in rel ation to the Salem Witch Trials, Nilan has pointed out, â€Å"Nineteen villagers were hung as witches, four died in prison and one was pressed to death.† This sort of superstitious terror inevitably led to policy reforms and prohibition. 2. Which one of the following do you think were the main two winners and which were the main two losers in England’s Glorious Revolution of 1689, and how and why did the Revolution lead to an expansion of the British Parliament’s policy of Salutary Neglect toward its American possessions? Parties involved: British Monarchy, British Parliament, Church of England, Protestant Dissenters, and Catholics. Answer: The Glorious Revolution of 1689 in England was an event of tremendous importance in the history of not only Europe but also America. The revolution although strengthened the Parliament and democracy, it also encouraged discrimination against Catholics. The main winners: 1. British Parliament: By inviting the William of Orange to invade England, the British Parliament ensured the partnership of the superior Dutch naval fleet. After deposing King James II, the Parliament now did not give much power to the new monarch William III (the William of Orange). Instead, it began to increase its power more and more as it levied maritime advantage by the merger of English and Dutch fleets. 2. Protestant Dissenters: Members from both the Tories and the Whigs united under the common umbrella of Protestant reaction against a possible Catholic Monarchy, and they ultimately established a parliamentary system that strongly favored the Protestants. In this way, Protestants prevailed. The main losers: 1. British Monarchy: Since King James II was deposed, not only the possibility of a Catholic dynasty was destroyed but also the very institution of the Monarchy itself began to decline rapidly under the pressure of the British Parliament. 2. Catholics: Protestants were the majority in the British Parliament after the events o f 1689. They eradicated the Catholics from the political system. Thousands of Catholics lost power and property in the subsequent decades.

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Genetically Modified Foods - Essay Example   Currently, a broad-based scientific consensus exists over foods in the market, which have been derived from genetic modifications that they have no threats and health concerns on the life of humans and other beings that consume them. However, some opponents to the idea of genetic modification have refuted these concepts, basing their arguments on various safety issues, economic and environmental concerns. They have emphasized that the economic concerned raised about these foods emanate from the fact that the genetically modified seeds are foods sources, which are subject to the intellectual property rights as owned by the respective corporations that make them (Rotman, 2014).Plants that have been genetically engineered are often generated from the laboratory through alteration made in their genetic compositions and tested effectively if they contain the desired qualities. In most cases, this happens through the addition of one or many genes in their particular genomes by use of g enetic engineering methodologies. Some of the plants that are genetically modified are done in certain controlled ways through the addition of more genes in a process called cloning or some genes are subtracted from them.Nowadays, genetic modification is often carried out in order to make plants resistant to insects, viri, fungi and herbicides. Additionally, these modifications are also aimed at changing the nutritional content of these plants, improving their taste and duration for storage after harvest.

Where next for Grant Garden Centres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Where next for Grant Garden Centres - Essay Example The centre also had a single operating location, in the South East region of England. After taking over, Grant reinvested virtually all profits back into the company, opening two additional branches (Westgarth, 2012). He also renamed the garden centres to â€Å"Grant Garden Centres†. Grant’s passion for gardening makes him adhere strictly to the traditional form of garden centre management, where the head gardener makes all the relevant business decisions and the rest of staff follows. Grant also expects his children, Jane and Malcolm, to toe the line, without any compromise (Pepper, Jackson and Uzzell, 2009, pp. 126–136). The authoritarian management style is costing the business numerous opportunities. For instance, there is a high labour turnover, since workers are not given an opportunity to contribute. Additionally, the firm still uses conventional advertisement methods and it does not have up-to-date technology systems, making it lag behind competitors. To remedy the situation and set the business on a path towards development and profitability, radical changes must be made in the different business functions. External Environment Analysis Technology Technology is one of the principal factors to consider in running a contemporary business setting, failure to which a business is left behind by competitors (Patterson, 2011). This is one of the principal factors negating Grant Garden Centres’ proper performance, in a highly competitive environment. The Establishment lacks an up-to-date IT system, an aspect which hinders proper control of stock. The poor technological capacity also inhibits proper financial management. Development deterrence stems from the fact that, virtually all company operations have to be done manually for each centre, making financial evaluation and stock regulation a highly difficult task. Another technological aspect, affecting gardening centres, is utilization of social media and websites as advertisement platforms. This is barely applied in the case of Grant Garden Centres, thus dragging the establishment behind its rivals (Burke, 2009, p.72). Socio-cultural Aspects The other crucial external environment factor likely to affect the gardening business is the socio-cultural environment. This is because the Centres have to interact with customers, especially due to the services segment of operations. Evident from the business’ profile, Grant Garden does not take social aspects of society into consideration, while carrying out its operations. This is an aspect attributable to Grant’s perception that, customers solely care about the plants that the Centres supply. One of his children, Jane, is largely opposed to this notion and her principal interest is in developing an establishment that plays a significant role in the community, as well as, works with stakeholders to guarantee each partisan’s benefit. If the Company were to adopt Jane’s proposal of enhanced engagement in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) then the Centres’ popularity among community members and other individuals would be propelled to great heights. For instance, Grant Garden Centres could formulate and execute educational programs that focus on increasing people’s awareness of gardening. Such programs would foster individuals’ interest in plants and landscaping concerns thus broadening the Company’s customer base and even appealing to the younger generation. Strengths and Weaknesses Marketing Just like everything else in the Company, marketing methods are dictated by Grant. It is Jane’s responsibility to focus on the stipulated marketing strategies, which principally entail advertisement in the

INTERNATIONALISATION STRATEGY OF THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

INTERNATIONALISATION STRATEGY OF THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY The concepts, models and ideas related to internationalisation has been provided by, who provided a comprehensive study that, discussed several theories in detail related to issues of internationalisation. These interests in the internationalisation strategies and processes of firms have arisen to the development of models used to illustrate how firms internationalise. Mintzberg, 1987 stipulated that strategy making is about changing perspectives and positions which involves international operations across borders (Welch and Luostarinen, 1988) encompassing changed perspectives and changed positions. Lyles (1990) also argued that the internationalisation theme concerning global competition has been viewed as the coming decades most important area of strategic management research. Therefore, this concept or idea of internationalisation is defined below to give a clear and vivid understanding as to what researchers in the past have been able to develop. DEFINITION OF INTERNATIONALISATION Cavusgil (1980) describes Internationalisation as the process through which firms adopt international business activities or the process by which firms gradually increase their international involvement (Johanson and Vahnlne 1977 p.23). According to Cavusgil (1980, pp. 273-8), it is a gradual process taking place in incremental stages, and over a relatively long period of time as a result of greater uncertainty, higher costs of information and the lack of experiential knowledge in foreign marketing activities . In other words, it involves the process of increased involvement in international operations which involve the inward and outward processes linked with the dynamics of international trade. While some researchers have attempted to give clarity concerning trade flows (i.e. inter industry and intra industry trade) on a country level, others have given explanations as to the processes of internationalisation on an industry or firm level. For the purpose of this research however, the main focus would be on internationalisation processes on the industry level (i.e. the automobile industry). Certain factors, internal and external have played major roles to these processes and in understanding those processes, initial studies of internationalisation is explained below in detail. The FDI theory and the establishment of chain or stage models of internationalisation are research areas identified by Johanson and Vahlne (1990) in the understanding and concepts of internationalisation. THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF INTERNATIONALISATION To understand the concepts of internationalisation, Johanson and Vahlne (1990) identified three general research areas. They include; the establishment chain or stage models of internationalisation, FDI (I.e. Foreign Direct Investment) theory, and the network perspective. FDI THEORY According to Ruigrok and Wagner (2003), FDI theories which are economics driven and hence focused on the factors located in the firms external environment gives an explanation as to why multinational companies exist. For example, Hymer (1970) theory of market imperfections and Buckley (1982, 1988); Buckley and Casson (1976, 1985) theory on internalisation have led to the concerns extending direct operations of firms and bringing collective ownerships and control of activities conducted by intermediate markets with links of firms and consumers. They argue that firms would expand their internal market so that transactions are carried out at a lower cost within the firm. In contrast to these views, Dunning (1980) and Fayerweather (1982) argue that the propensity of a firm to initiate foreign production would depend on the specific attractions of its home country such as internalisation gains, ownership specific advantages and location specific advantages, compared with resour ce implications of locating in another country. THE ESTABLISHMENT CHAIN OR STAGE MODELS OF INTERNATIONALISATION The establishment chain theory is also known as the stage model of internationalisation. It has been questioned by authors who have associated the Uppsala model with earlier works of Johanson Wiederheim-Paul (1975) stating that these studies only concentrate on the exporting and non-exporting factor, identifying a number of firms that have been active in international markets shortly after they have been established. (Moen Servais 2002). However, Zannder Zander 1997 challenged that notion by stating that firms follow a number of alternative routes to foreign markets. The establishment chain theory generally concerns the idea of incremental development in foreign markets as well as uni-linear sequences of servicing modes and how they should be de-emphasised in favour of irregular and reduced routes where different patterns of change is common (Turnbull and Ellwood, 1986; Zander 1997). Mahoney (2000) contends that irregular processes are explained by the fact that a particular internationalisation process is embedded in a network of other internationalisation processes. They go on to further explain that at points where different processes collide, discontinuities may arise, i.e. a particular internationalisation process may break by taking a path that does not bear the imprint of the initial choice. In other words, they suggested that a particular internationalisation process is not an autonomous sequence of servicing modes, but instead, it is subject to the effect of other sequences of servicing modes. THE NETWORK PERSPECTIVE According to this perspective, firms internationalise because other firms in their national network internationalise. The industrial system is made up of firms engaged in production, distribution and the use of goods and services. The relationship between firms is described as a network. Firms within the network rely on each other and their activities therefore need to be co-ordinated. These networks are stable and changing but the transactions take place within the framework of these established relationships. However, Johanson Mattson 1988; Thorelli 1990; Ghauri 1992 argue that some new relationships are developed and some old ones are disrupted because of competitive activities. Therefore, although there are competitive relationships in the network approach, interdependences are stressed. Firms develop and maintain relationships with other firms within the network which in most cases is of a cumulative nature as firms strive to establish prominent positions in their networks. The firm, at each point, has a position in the network which explains its relationship to other firms. A fundamental assumption however is the fact that a firm is solely dependent on its network while internationalising. A high degree of internationalisation would mean that there are strong relationships between different national networks which are thus considered as market investments. On the other hand, the firms which are highly internationalised would prefer to have a number of activities performed by subcontractors and can still have the desired control arising from these relationships The above mentioned are the most established theoretical concepts of internationalisation. The establishment chain theory has initiated a vast amount of research which has suggested that omissions in the stage pattern in any one foreign market may result from learning across the firm. In other words, learning from other foreign markets. MOTIVATIONS FOR INTERNATIONALISATION Empirical studies done by Kogut Chang, (1991); Pugel, (1985); and McClain (1983); have found a positive correlation between outward investment activities and intangible assets measured as RD and advertising intensities. Foreign direct investment according to Kindleberger (1969) has been treated as a kind of international capital movement subject to interest rate differentials accompanied by differing degrees of control. Hymer (1960) argued that a monopolistic advantage encouraged firms to invest overseas. Caves (1971) interpreted it by identifying the sources of monopoly power with rent-yielding intangible assets such as technology and marking skills- the knowledge base of a firm. Furthermore, another important stream of research on foreign direct investment done by Buckley Casson, (1976); Hennart, (1982) and Rugman (1981) concerned multinational enterprises minimising transaction costs not only by internalizing technology or marketing know-how but also by internalising the sourcing of raw materials and intermediate goods (Hennart, 1982). For example, Hennart and Park (1994) showed that the larger a Japanese firms RD expenditures, the greater it is to most likely manufacture in the United States. From the transaction mode perspective, Hennart (1991) and Hennart and Park (1993) examined the mode of Japanese entries into the United States and found that the higher the RD expenditures, the more likely it is to enter via Greenfield operations rather than acquisition. However, they highlighted that RD expenditures were not related to decisions concerning the choice of a joint venture or a wholly owned subsidiary structure. While the monopolistic advantage theory and the transaction cost theory have explained the motivations for foreign direct investment to an extent; from different theoretical perspectives, the key motivations for this strategy identified by previous scholars are identified below. KEY MOTIVATIONS FOR INTERNATIONALISATION Resource seeking, market seeking, strategic asset-seeking and efficiency seeking according to the World investment report (WIR 1998) and Dunning 1993 are the key motivations for extending production activities across national boundaries. Market Seekers- This motive for internationalisation focuses on how decision makers in an organisation acknowledge the importance of accessing specific target markets abroad. In other words, it focuses on demand aspects and the belief that an international direct presence is essential for this access that would focus on market seeking motives. Dunning (1993) argued that there are several other reasons why companies take such actions. He stipulates that firms carry out investments on foreign markets in order to exploit new markets and to take advantage of market share indicating that the Company would generate profit. Furthermore, foreign governments encourage investments from companies in other countries by providing incentives such as subsidized labour; trade barriers also play a major role for companies to invest in these countries. According to Harris Wheeler 2005, much of government export promotion policies centre on encouraging organisations to internationalise using business education and training. In essence, this fosters direct trade links in other countries and financial incentives. Strategic resource seeking- These are intangible resources that deal with the technology and core competence of the firm; for example, patents, knowledge, skills of the employees and strategic supplies necessary for competitive advantage. The main motive is to sustain and strengthen the competitive position or to weaken that of their competitors (Dunning 1993) Efficiency seekers- Dunning (1993) established that the purpose of efficiency seeking is to rationalize structures of established investments in order to gain from common governance. He argued that those benefits came from economies of scale and scope as well as risk diversification. In other words, efficiency seeking serves as an advantage because firms gain from factor endowments (value-adding activities that are labour or resource intensive), cultures, institutional arrangements, and economic systems which in most cases imply the concentration of production in limited number of places. Firms that seek efficiency are often experienced, large and diversified multinational enterprises. On the other hand, Root (1987) noted that manufacturing and service internationalise for the following reasons: Stagnation of home market and a faster growing foreign market The need to follow domestic customers who have gone international Firms in oligopolistic industries go abroad to match the international market entry of domestic rivals (also known as the bandwagon effect) or counter foreign firms penetrating domestic markets. Search for greater sales volumes in order to reduce the unit cost of manufacturing overheads, thus strengthening competitiveness at home and abroad. He finally concludes by stating that the fundamental or strategic motives for internationalising or entering foreign markets becomes apparent only after it first tentative venture in that direction is made THEORIES OF INTERNATIONALISATION The theories mentioned above are early theories on international trade and investments written by classical economists whose main concern was on the political economy of a nation (Tayeb 2000). Recently, the internationalisation processes has been explained with the use of simplified models and frameworks to analyse internationalisation processes. They include; The Uppsala model, The OLI framework, and the Product life cycle. These theories focus on firms that are heavily involved with exporting and international trade and are therefore relevant for this research. UPPSALA MODEL Johanson and Vahlne 1977, 1990 argue that the central issues on the Uppsala model are concerned with knowledge acquisition, how organisations learn and how their learning affects their investment behaviours. According to Cyert March 1963; Johanson Wiedersheim-Paul 1975, a firm undergoes expansion starting from psychically closer countries in a sequential process in order to avoid uncertainty and minimise risks. The interplay between knowledge of and commitment to a particular foreign market (Johanson Vahlne, 1977) comes as a result of the internationalisation pattern of the firm. Secondly, internationalisation processes are often slow and gradual (Johanson Vahlne 1977, 1990) which usually comes as a result of the incremental expansion of a firms absorptive capacity (Cohen Levinthal, 1990) Examining theoretical assumptions and implications across various spatial and temporal contexts has sparked off a number of empirical studies since the Uppsala model was introduced (Andersen 1993, 1997; Casson, 1994; Forsgren, 2001; Hedlund Kverneland, 1985; Sullivan Bauerschmidt, 1990). Luis and Sergios (2004) article paid particular attention to an interesting argument on the notion that the Uppsala model pays little attention to the internationalisation processes of multinational corporations (MNCs); a point which was acknowledged by the originators of the model (Johanson Vahlne, 1990). Secondly, decisions and implementation concerning foreign investments are made incrementally as a result of market uncertainty. This can be seen as a management learning process whereby learning through doing is the basic logic (Lindblom 1959, Quinn 1980, Johnson 1988). Therefore, as a result, the more a firm knows about the market, the lower the perceived market risk would be and the higher the level of foreign investment in that market. According to Johanson and Vahlne 1977, p. 34, the firm postpones the each successive step into a certain market until the perceived risk associated with the new investment is lower than the maximum tolerable risk. In other words, the perceived risk is the main function of the level of market knowledge acquired through owned operations. OLI FRAMEWORK The OLI framework provided by Dunning (1988) is also known as the Eclectic Paradigm. The model asserts that at any given moment in time, production financed by FDI and undertaken by MNEs would be determined by the configuration of three sets of forces. The competitive advantages which firms of one country posses over another in supplying any particular market may arise due to either the firms privileged ownership of, or access to, a set of incoming generating assets or from their ability to co-ordinate these assets with other assets across national boundaries in a way that benefits them relative to their competitors, or potential competitors. The extent to which firms perceive it to be in their best interest to internationalise the markets for the generation and the use of these assets; and by so doing, add value to them The extent to which firms choose to locate these value adding activities outside their national boundaries. The eclectic paradigm asserts that the significance of the advantages listed above and the configuration between them is most likely to be context specific; and is likely to vary across industries and geographical dimension among firms. For example, while the relationship to the comparative location advantages of the Chinese and Japanese manufacturing base for motor vehicles may be differently regarded by (say) Toyota than (say) the Honda Corporation. Furthermore, Arvidsson (1997) emphasizes that; it is favourable to internalize the function which may occur due to high transaction costs in the market for this specific function, instead of selling to local firms through a market. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MODEL According to this theory, a product goes through several stages of development with the first stage being the innovation stage. When the product is newly invented, it attracts high income groups as customers because its demand grows more rapidly in more developed countries where this target group is mostly present. At this stage, the production also starts in other advanced countries, sometimes in a subsidiary of the inventing country. If at this stage, the cost benefits of producing in the second or third country are large enough to offset transportation cost, then the foreign producer may export back to its home country. With the benefits of these operations, a number of firms start producing and exporting the product. The companies imitate the original innovating company and would often even produce in the same geographic locations. The second stage is the introduction of the product to the domestic market. The third stage is the export of the product while the final stage is the maturity stage. As the product becomes standardised at this phase, it is imitated and is even produced overseas by foreign markets. **insert brief intro THEORETICAL CONCEPTS FOR ENTRY MODES BY MNEs From the points listed above, the choice of entry mode is an important part of a firm or industrys decision to internationalise and it would depend on factors associated with the companys business interest. Chang and Rosenzweig 2001 laid emphasis on the fact that firms are not only concerned with what foreign to enter, and on what activities they perform in those markets, but also on how to enter i.e. whether by Greenfield investment, by acquisition or by joint venture. This is because choosing a mode of entry can have enormous strategic consequences for the firm. Research on the performance outcomes of foreign market entry strategies has been primarily considered from the perspective of multinational corporations (Ghosal 1987; Burgers 1989). The internationalisation trend for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has prompted increased research interest in explaining the factors that contribute to success, but sufficient theoretical framework is lacking (Lu Beamish 2001) which is why the main focus of this research would be on Multinational Enterprises. Entry modes have diverse implications depending on the degree of control the firm can exercise over foreign operations (Anderson Gatignon 1986; Caves 1982; Root 1987), the resources it must commit to the foreign market (Hill et al 1990; Venon 1983); the risks it must bear to enter that market (Hill et al 1990; Hill Kim 1988); and the share of economic rents the firm can generate and keep for itself (Anderson Gatignon 1986; Buckley Casson 1996). For these reasons, the entry modes used to penetrate foreign market can have a profound impact on the success of international operations, even among large multinational corporations (Hill et al 1990; Root 1987). An excellent lens through which the benefits of relative costs are examined is provided by the transaction cost theory (Wiliamson 1975; 1985); and more importantly, for understanding how those costs and benefits vary based on the type of knowledge that is transferred between partners. This theory is also called the internalisation theory within the international business literature (Rugman 1981) and has been used to examine the entry mode choices of multinational firms (Denkamp 1995) on an extensive scale. It has also been advocated as a means of understanding the entry of entrepreneurial firms into foreign markets. However, the use of large samples of international new ventures has not been tested empirically. Furthermore, the collaboration with local partners benefit multinational firms by providing knowledge and access that might otherwise be unobtainable or extremely costly to obtain experientially via internalisation or repeated arms-length market transactions (Kogut 1988). Specifically, local partners provide knowledge about local economies, politics, business customs, demands and tastes and other factors required to conduct business in their countries. Knowledge gained this way is particularly beneficial to high-technology firms because the geographic scope with which technology can be exploited is normally much wider that a firms marketing expertise (Buckley Casson 1996), especially among international new ventures (Coviello Munro 1992) Hence, if the entry mode decision is considered such an important strategic decision and the success of MNEs under globalisation depends on the formulation and implementation of strategy (Knight 2000 p. 13), then the strategic decisions on whether MNEs follow similar patterns as their large counterparts; and whether the strategic decision processes that influence success for larger companies should be examined. ENTRY MODE CHOICES Foreign market entry mode according to Calof (1993) is defined as institutional arrangements that allow firms to use their product or service in a country or an institutional arrangement that makes possible the entry of a companys products, technology, human skills, management, or other resources into a foreign country (Root 1987 p.5). Firms enter foreign markets in different ways. From a management perspective, firms entering new foreign markets choose from a variety of different forms of entry, ranging from: Exporting (directly or through independent channels). Licensing and franchising. Foreign direct investment (FDI) i.e. joint ventures, acquisitions, mergers. Wholly owned new ventures. Calvet (1984); Caves 1982; and Root (1987) suggested that each of these entry modes is consistent with a different level of control. Control according to them means authority over operational and strategic decision making. Resource commitment means dedicated assets that cannot be redeployed to alternative uses without loss of value. A review of the literature of manufacturing firms by Hill et al (1990) suggests that while wholly owned subsidiaries can be characterised by a relatively high level of control and resource commitments, the opposite can be said of licensing agreements. With respect to joint ventures, although the levels of control and resource commitments vary with the nature of the ownership split between the manufacturing firms, their extent can nevertheless be said to lie between that of wholly owned subsidiaries and licensing agreements From an economists perspective however, a company can enter a foreign market through exporting its product or transfer its resources in technology, capital, human skills, and enterprise to the foreign country, where they may be sold directly to customers or combined with local resources in the manufacturing process for sale to the local market. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ENTRY MODE. In order to expand the existing entry mode analysis beyond the narrow confines of each entry decision listed above in isolation; this research would also consider the extent of global concentration, global synergies and global strategic motivations exercised by manufacturing firms. This broader concept gives an opportunity to expressly consider and understand the strategic relationship a multinational firm envisages within the manufacturing industry on its operations across borders in reaching its entry mode decision. The diagram below shows three groups of variables that are believed to influence entry mode decision. These variables are the global strategic variables which have already been highlighted as well as the already well established environmental variable (host country risk, location unfamiliarity, demand uncertainty, and competition intensity) and transaction-specific variables (i.e. the value of firm-specific-know-how and tacit nature of know-how) Firm specific know-how is knowledge that is proprietary to a given firm. Tacit know-how involves non-codifiable knowledge not embodied in physical items such as capital, goods, equipment, and blueprints. While it is believed that this is collective, simultaneous considerations of all three groups of factors that determine the ultimate entry mode decision, it is also argued that environmental and transaction specific factors and global strategic Source: Kim Hwang 1992 Global concentration on the other hand, involves multinational corporations (MNCs) increasingly finding themselves in industries that are characterised by a limited number of players who confront each other in many different national markets around the globe; i.e. the global industry has become highly concentrated. In such industries, conditions of oligopolistic interdependence spill over national creating a high level of competitive interdependence among players. When global competitive interdependence exists, the actions taken by an MNC in the manufacturing industry would often have repercussions in other national markets (Watson 1982; Kim Mauborgne 1988). Competitive interdependence implies that organisations can influence one another not only directly, but also indirectly in any of the diverse national markets in which they compete. INTERNATIONALISATION AND THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. The automobile industry has played a significant role in the advancement of industrialisation in many countries in this century. Automakers have internationalised their operations for a number of reasons that have led way for moving production abroad. Its significance arises from the fact that the industry has been a major pioneer in inventing cutting edge innovations that has changed the organisation process of manufacturing. As a result, it has dramatically increased labour productivity and industrial development to varying degrees that has transformed the manufacturing industry as a whole. There is a mounting interest in the internationalisation of Research and development (RD) activities by multinational firms. The two motives for this are the exploitation of the firms technology abroad through adaptation of technologies and local circumstances and the creation of technologies through access to overseas technology and know-how. Recent work has suggested an increasing importance of foreign RD associated with a growing role of global technology creation. Evidence provided by Kuemmerle, 1997 and Gerybadze and Reger 1999 has shown that more RD sites are assigned the role of creators of basic technologies and developers of completely new products for world markets. Foreign direct investment plays a major role in the internationalisation of RD, and MNEs are the main actors (OECD 2008). According to UNCTAD 2005, more than 95% of the 700 firms with the largest RD expenditure are MNEs; they account for close to half of the worlds total RD expenditure and more than two-thirds of the worlds business RD. An analysis of the top spenders reveals that over 80% come from Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom. Only 1% is from emerging countries but their importance is growing especially the MNEs from China, Korea, Brazil, South Africa and Chinese Taipei. In 2004, expenditure on RD by top MNEs grew much more in the rest of the world (+17%) than the Triad (+4%); (UNCTAD 2005; European Commission 2005) Based on the above, it is important to highlight and note the relative contribution that the theories of internationalisation play to manufacturing firms. In essence, the OLI framework, Uppsala model of internationalisation and the network perspective previously mentioned would be applied to the internationalisation of manufacturing firms so as to give a better understanding of the theoretical frameworks. OLI FRAMEWORK AND THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS According to the eclectic theory, all three OLI factors (i.e. Ownership, location and internalisation) play a significant role to the entry mode decision and strategy of manufacturing firms. Dunning (1980, 1988) laid emphasis on the fact that the ownership advantages of a firm will dictate the internalisation advantages and that location advantages would depend on the combination of the two former advantages. Moreover, following the OLI framework, Ekeledo and Sivakumar (1998) suggests that of the three factors, location advantages is the most important factor applicable to the internationalisation of manufacturing firms. This is because location is almost defined as where they choose to start up their international activity abroad which is the whole essence of their motive to investment. This distinction is likely made on the basis of their comparison of manufacturing and service firms as some services such as restaurants are non-separable from their location. It is most likely that for service firms, the internalisation factor would be the most important (Arvidsson, 1992a). UPPSALA MODEL AND THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS Psychic distance is an issue addressed Johanson and Vahlne (1977) in explaining the fundamentals of firms facing internationalisation. According to them, this includes factors such as language barriers, culture as well as differences in consumer taste and preferences in values behaviours and attitudes. Based on the experiences of Swedish manufacturing firms, Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) highlighted four stages of the internationalisation process starting with exporting through independent representatives to a final phase of overseas production. The Uppsala internationalisation model assumes the process is made up of stages too and that manufacturing firms begin with less risky ventures in physically close markets and gradually increase it commitment and it geographical reach through a process of experiential learning. Valne (1995) suggested that MNEs engaged in manufacturing are influenced by their internal resources in terms of their business territory. That is, social networking and entrepreneurial quality may influence a firms ability to identify and acquire external resources, as well as its ability to utilize such resources for its operations and marketing mix. However, Andersen (1993) suggested that the Uppsala model of internationalisation which is based on empirical findings from manufacturing firms is more general and is further developed that other process models. He argues that the model applies both to small and large manufacturing firms and that time and space play a lesser role, giving the model higher generalisability that other process models. NETWORK PERSPECTIVE AND THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS Most manufacturing firms are initially engaged in primary domestic networks. As ar

Psychological Suffrage Exposed in Morrisons Beloved :: Toni Morrison Beloved Essays

     Ã‚   Toni Morrison's Beloved (1987) was her fifth novel, and the most controversial work she had ever written.   Morrison was working as a senior editor at the publishing firm Random House when she was editing a nineteenth century article which was in a historical book and found the basis for this story.   A direct connection between Morrison and this novel is best demonstrated by Morrison's statement of " I deal with five years of terror in a pathological society, living in a bedlam where nothing makes sense".   This novel is set during the mid-nineteenth century and reveals the pain and suffrage of being a slave before and after emancipation through deeply symbolic delineations of continued emotional and psychological suffrage.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stanley Crouch stated " For Beloved, above all else, is a blackface holocaust novel" (38-43).   He believed that by including sadistic guards, murder, separation of family members, a big war, failed and successful escapes, and losses of loved ones to the violence of the mad order, Morrison was attempting to enter American slavery into the martyr ranks of the Nazi's abuse of the Jews (Crouch 38-43).   Also, Crouch stated, " †¦she lacks a true sense of the tragic" (38-43).   He supported this by stating " †¦ it shows no sense of the timeless and unpredictable manifestations of evil that preceded and followed American slavery" (Crouch 38-43).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, Crouch realizes that Morrison has real talent, in that he believes she has the ability to organize her novel in a musical structure by using images as motifs.   He also felt that the characters in the novel served no purpose other than to deliver a message.   Crouch believed that Morrison did not want her readers to experience the horrors of slavery that others did, but rather just to tally up the sins that were committed against the darker people and feel sorry for them.   Furthermore, he presumed that this novel was designed to make sure that the view of the black woman being the most scorned and rebuked of the victims of society, doesn't weaken.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Ann Snitow, " †¦she harps so on the presence of Beloved, sometimes neglecting the mental life of her other characters" (pp. 25-26). She believed that by sacrificing the other character's vitality until the very end, the novel is left hollow in the middle.   However, Snitow did state " If Beloved fails in it's ambitions, it is still a novel by Toni Morrison, still therefore full of beautiful prose, dialogue as rhythmically satisfying as music†¦and scenes so clearly etched they're like hallucinations" (25-26).   Snitow compares Morrison's writing style to Dickens, in that she believes that each of them are great, serious writers.

CPOE Case Study Essay

1. Provide a brief overview of the case (one paragraph or less). What is this case about? -This case study talks about Emory Clinic implementing a computerized provider order entry system and describes the changes the clinic went through. The case study also talks about how the system affected the hospital and the healthcare works when implementing to system. It discusses people’s reaction to the system and the advantages and problems that arise when the system was being implemented. 2. What is the purpose of a CPOE system? -The purpose of a CPOE system is it was designed to reduce, or, whatever possible, eliminate handwritten orders. Some of the advantages of the CPOE system over the handwritten process are that they are less likely subject to errors, free of handwriting identification problems, less subject to errors, and provide â€Å"real time† decision support. 3. How might a CPOE system change work flow in a medical setting? What type of business process reengineering (BPR) occurred at Emory as part of this project? -The type of business process reengineering that occurred during the implementation of the CPOE system was the shift in the workload. According to the case study, the CPOE system was an overall positive in the workforce as it reduced errors in a medical setting. Instead of handing off orders to intermediaries, they can just directly enter an order to the system for others to see. There was a natural shift in workload from nurses, pharmacists, social workers, ward clerks, and other healthcare providers to physicians. Doctors were left with a higher workload due to the change of the process and the case study states that they hate it. The CPOE system created a new workplace dynamic in which the doctors responsibility for order entry was not always clearly defined. On the other hand, some other healthcare works got less of a workload. For example pharmacist Tony Ottaviano stated that his workload was reduced freeing up more time for him to actually doing what pharmacists are supposed to do instead of sitting and entering orders 4. At Emory, what were the goals of CPOE implementation? (Why was a decision made to do this?) -The goals of implementing the CPOE system was to reduce human error. The advantages listed on page 14, listed all the reasons why it should be implemented. In the case study, they stated that there were more positives  than negatives about the implementation. Overall the system made operations move at a quicker pace and helped most healthcare workers made less errors in a medical setting. 5. Access YouTube and view videos from at least three other healthcare organizations that have implemented CPOE systems. Identify the three organizations and summarize their implementation efforts. – Adventist healthcare system http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tfLoWVAeHc Organizational change Processing the system Training their employees Stabilization optimization – Crouse Hospital http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OeziLJU_ZGw Talked about enhancements of the system such as safety Mandatory rollout with more enhancements and improvements Explain why it is an advantage and essential Expanded to most units in hospital with enhancements and improvements -Floyd Medical Care http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9vPoQ65PiE Personal training Explained why CPOE will make things easier 6. After reading the case and viewing the YouTube videos, identify who you think the stakeholders are in a CPOE implementation effort. Identify at least 10 different types of stakeholders. 1. IT department 2. Trainers 3. Hospitals 4. CPOE creator 5. patients 6. Physicians 7. Pharmacist 8. Nurses 9. EMT 10. Socials workers 7. Next identify what you think critical steps are in a CPOE implementation effort. What do you see as being critical aspects of the project that can either lead to success or failure? – In implementing the CPOE system,  critical steps for implementing it successfully should be to think about each patient’s needs. The system is for the healthcare workers to use but depending on how this system is utilized could directly effect a patient’s medical procedures. I also think proper training is a critical step. This refers back to the patients being affected if not utilized correctly. 8. In hindsight, what changes can you recommend for the CPOE system implementation process at Emory that might have reduced issues? I expect you to draw on materials either from your real work experience or from information provided in the course so far. 5 points will be deducted from the score for students who answer â€Å"nothing† to this question. I expect more critical thinking than that. -Some of the problems that existed at Emory were â€Å"post-op ordering process†, no gatekeeper, and an increase in lab orders. Some solutions I would recommend to solving some of the listed issues would be increasing the staff count. Having a low staff count with each individual having multiple duties can be tough. Having a higher staff count with a more segregation of duties would prevent a lot of issues from occurring (such as one person just verifying information). Also a big recommendation would be more training. Training can be very costly to an organization but it is better to have effective training than to endanger a patient’s life and having a law suit on their hands. In my real world experience, I currently work at sonic and there is no budget that goes into training. New employees are placed on the floor when they are hired and are told to just observe and other workers are to give advice and show them what to do. This is very inefficient because this makes each worker different as they may have their own way of doing an assigned task. Training should be implemented so that each worker does the same amount of work and work is fair.

Book Review Faulkner and Material Culture

Book Review Faulkner and Material Culture Faulkner and Material Culture is a book written by Joseph Urgo and Ann Abadie and consists of a series of essays written by different authors. The essays give a deeper meaning between the things that Faulkner borrowed from the real world and merged with the things that he espoused in his way of life.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Book Review: Faulkner and Material Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book starts with an introduction by one of the authors, Joseph Urgo, talking about what he thinks of the annual Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conference. He continues to highlight the events that Faulkner has been to; for instance, in August 1931, he started working on light in August, which was under the title â€Å"Dark House†. Then in the month of November, he went to New York where he became the talk of the city especially after having written, â€Å"As I lay Dying†, â€Å"Sanctuary† , as well as â€Å"The Sound and the Fury†. Urgo also states the definition of material culture that ranges from objects created all the way to invisible features producing landscape expressions together with distinctive odors. There is also a note about the July 22-29, 2004 conference that got its sponsorship from the University of Mississippi located in Oxford. In the conference, there was an attendance of over 200 authors. These authors entailed those who greatly admired Faulkner. Therefore, from the conference, there was an inclusion of eight presentations added in this volume. The note also has brief details of the events that happened on the entire time the conference was in session. The first essay is by Charles Aiken entitled â€Å"Faulkner and the passing of the old Agrarian culture†. He starts by stating the definition of material culture as given by geographers who define it as all material and physical objects that a culture group makes and uses with the in clusion of buildings, clothing, instruments, tools, artwork, as well as furniture (Urgo and Abadie 3). He nevertheless goes ahead to add that material culture also consists of the invisible features creating landscape expressions. He continues to add that material culture comes out as important since it differentiates culture groups and places.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Charles Aiken looks â€Å"into the representation that Faulkner gives of terrain and summarizes by stating that as opposed to the established criticism regarding Yoknapatawpha, it is not a South’s microcosm† (Urgo and Abadie XIV). However, it is an extremely particular and very strategically located area. Another essay is by Jay Watson who does his work with philosophy, literary theory, social and intellectual history, as well as the history of furniture and woodwork (Urgo and Abadie 21). He does this in order to investigate how light during the month of August has an intimate tie to the areas woodwork and logging industries. Kevin Railey has also written an essay on the topic of consumer goods appearing in â€Å"Flags in the Dust† (Urgo and Abadie 68). Katherine Henninger evaluates â€Å"Faulkner’s photographs fictional representation together with the function of photography that is within his fiction and especially in the Sound and Fury, Absalom, Absalom, and Light in August (Dianne Para. 8). A scholarly review written by Diaane Desare Ross notes that Faulkner’s scholars will be the ones who will greatly appreciate the book; however, it has more implications particularly for the interaction study that exists between artistic expression and societal conditions (Dianne Para. 3). She also recommends it for the entire academic libraries. She praises Faulkner’s writing stating that unlike other writers, who wander off from t he main topic especially when trying to make a point, Faulkner and Material Culture gives information in an exceptional manner and it is a fine scholarly works compilation. Dianne reviews the book by providing a brief summary of what the authors, Urgo and Abadie, write. This book is highly entertaining and informing on an intellectual level as opposed to an emotional level. The book is written in an incredible manner, which gives an insight on Faulkner’s world. Despite not having known him before, after reading the book, the reader can admit that s/he feels like s/he has known him for quite some time for there are bits that give Faulkner’s life history. For example, he had a difficult relationship with both change and material (Urgo Abadie 37). He was also one of the first Americans who were able to fly as well as own an airplane. On the subject of how he earned his income, the book states that he sold his short stories and novels to motion picture studios in addition to television production companies.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Book Review: Faulkner and Material Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of his most profitable sources of income came from writing movie scripts. He however did not like the idea of owning a television, phonograph, or radio and he even went ahead to refuse his daughter to possess any in the house (Urgo Abadie 38). Whenever Faulkner entered one of Oxford’s most popular restaurants, the owner would unplug the jukebox. The book is also well written and arranged according to the different essays such that each has something different to say about Faulkner. The 2004 conference had more that 200 authors who truly admired Faulkner and after reading the book it is easy to note why so many possess great admiration for him. His achievements are what made him to become a Nobel Laureate. Faulkner wrote a topic that was in the interest of his heart, viz. material culture. Urgo and Abadie use a formal writing style and the quality of the writing style is coherent for it is easy to understand what they want to bring out. In addition, the structure of the story also has a flow to it and so the reader is able to read from paragraph to paragraph without getting confused. The main theme of this volume is to put great emphasize on the different societal changes that Faulkner underwent in the early twentieth century as well as the dichotomy of staying in touch with the old while still acknowledging the new guard by giving an illustration of material culture. Just like Dianne, on of the reviewers of the book, I would strongly recommend this book to all those with a keen interest to learn about material culture and to all Faulkner’s fanatics. Faulkner’s admirers would get a feel of the things that he went through and his life history coupled with what made him to become a Nobel Laureate. The fact that two very le arned authors wrote the book makes considerably credible. Joseph Urgo is a Hamilton College dean of faculty while Ann Abadie worked at the University of Mississippi where she was the associate director of the Center in the Southern Culture study. Both authors have worked together to write quite a number of volumes particularly in the series of Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dianne, Ross. Faulkner and Material Culture: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha 2004,  2009. Web. misslib.org/ Urgo, Joseph, and Ann Abadie (eds.). Faulkner and Material Culture: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha, 2004, Jackson: University of Mississippi, 2007. Print.

Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Cognitive Approach to Psychology Essays

Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Cognitive Approach to Psychology Essays Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Cognitive Approach to Psychology Essay Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Cognitive Approach to Psychology Essay Excuse or Explanation? When the news report flashes across the television informing millions around the world of the murder of a family of six, it is obvious that the initiate reaction of the civilians would be terror and hatred. This hatred, a fierce, in-tolerant force behind these people that would instantly choose the worst for whomever the suspect may be. Often, this is the reaction of the people whereas there are a few of those individuals who may decide to view this case differently. These would be psychologists. A psychologist may approach this story with a view inside of the perpetrators mind. Was he biologically, psychodynamicly, behaviorally or cognitively provoked to do such a thing? What would make someone do something horrible and violent like that? Each of the psychologists views provide different aspects and alternate explanations for why this offenders actions occurred, sometimes even explanations to the point of understanding the mind of a criminal. A biological psychologist specifically focuses on the genetics and physiological side of the story. Biology itself refers to the make-up of each individual person, most of the time stemming off from his or her parents, grand-parents or even great-grand-parents. How did they act? What did they do? And why did they do it? It could be in their genes, the way that things are put together inside each individuals mind that illustrates the reason for their actions. Is it possible that one’s genes were made up to be completely violent? Could one’s father or mother be more responsible for the deaths of these six people than the murderer themselves? A biological psychologist would more than likely answer this question with a definite â€Å"yes†. A biological point of view examines all thoughts, feelings and behaviors as a product of the chemistry of our brains. A statement might also be that we become ill whether medically or psychologically due to our genetics. This, might bring the biological psychologists conclusion to be that this murder was committed because this culprits father did the same thing, and therefore, it was genetically passed on to his children. The next psychologist, one of whom studies the psychodynamic approach, may say that this was an unconscious deviant behavior that was sought out without intention. Psychodynamicly speaking, one might say that this murder was not something that this person would â€Å"normally† do. Psychodynamics focuses on the underlying parts of the human mind. Repressed incidents or hidden information can often form unwilling urges to come forth into daily actions. For instance, if this murder was completely relaxed and asked to express the thoughts that go through his mind, the psychologist may see the terror that has been concealed for so long. Following, the study of this individual, a psychodynamic psychologist could eventually be able to come to the conclusion that the unconscious painful memories of this murderer was what killed these people, not the offender himself. Another viewpoint would be seeing things from a behavioral approach. Behavioral meaning a controllable aspect of each individuals life, that can be altered and tweaked until it is near perfect. Take for instance a two year old child. From the day it was born to the time of it’s death, behaviors are taken in from lessons taught to them by those all around. If this child is taught that hitting, screaming and crying are something that gives them attention and provides them with care, this will be what will suffice all of their lives. If one is taught that patience, calmness and quiet is what provides them with love and comfort, this perhaps will be what will project throughout their lives. A behavioral psychologist will say that this murder took place because it is what the murderer was taught to do and what he learned. This psychologist will not focus on what they think or feel, it is simply based on what they do. A behavioral psychologists may even say that this killer could be taught to do differently and that killing is not acceptable. We also have the cognitive psychologists approach. By definition, cognitive means knowing. Therefore, cognitive psychologists try to figure out what is going on in an individuals mind that may lead them to their behavior. Sometimes, scientific equipment is used in order to fully understand the reactions and thoughts that are going on in a person’s mind. Here, a cognitive psychologist may look at this murderer and view his actions as a chemical reaction that went wrong in his or her brain. Also they may see this perpetrators actions as something he or she took in and had to release and the way he or she released it was through the violent act of murder. For example, this suspect may have been harassed and threatened himself and in order to release the fear, he or she committed a terrible crime. Cognitive psychology is completely interested in what people think and from that point, what they choose to or not to do. Being only a few views of psychology there seems to be many explanations for what people do. The reasons they abuse their children or loved ones, why they are alcoholics or in this case why they committed a murder. Often times, in a scenario like this, the psychological views may come across as some sort of excuse to get by a punishment for actions. However, all psychology is able to say, with experiments and procedures previously carried out that there is plenty of back up and explanation of the validity and reliability of their study. Whether it be biological, psychodynamic, behavioral or cognitive approach, psychology will always have a answer.

Can Facebook Ruin Romantic Relationships Research Paper - 1

Can Facebook Ruin Romantic Relationships - Research Paper Example There have been advantages of Facebooking like the ones spelt above. It is a site where people can have fun that includes sharing old and new photos (Persimmons). By use of its online chat room, there is creations and nurturing of numerous relationships. It has also mobilized participation of people in campaigns and social events. This has culminations by saying that it enhances collaboration and further strengthens social interaction within a community. However, Facebook has accusations of ruining relationships that are romantically based and sufficient evidence has been sufficed to explain this sad phenomenon. Facebook has been prescribed for use with one’s beloved family but it is bad for relationships (Persimmons). One of the reasons that have been brought forward to explain Face book’s tendency to ruin relationships is that it fuels jealousy tendencies and weird behaviour in people who are in relationships (Persimmons). An example is when a man/woman in a relationship updates his/her Facebook status and the comments he/she gets are of sexual nature but leaning towards a joke. This might lead to the partner getting upset and the result is relationship breakdown. Jealousy undermines relationships and Facebook can be a good cause of such jealousy tendencies. People have therefore become victim to this jealousy tendency in their relationship setups. Facebook also has a profile section that has a relationship personal status section. The site tells everyone whenever a person changes his or her status. Anxiety is created whenever such a thing is changed (Persimmons). For example, when somebody is casually dating another person, his or her status reads ‘it is complicated’. In reality, altering one’s relationship status leads top very harsh and uncomfortable relationships coupled with suspicious conversations that kill the morale of continuing with any given relationship.        Ã‚  

Changes in our culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Changes in our culture - Essay Example It reminds of a simpler time in history when one has to catch food in order to eat or plant crops to be harvested for sustenance. That time of having the familiarity of building a house with one’s own hands or with the help of neighbors. All of these virtues and values are at a lost in today’s world where we open cans, lids, pouches, or any of other similar make for our so-called nourishment. But this is what our evolution has come to be. This is the era of conveniences and expediency. The availability of all modernity does not impose relentless clutch on all that it offers but it provides for a choice, because ultimately how one lives is according to how he desires to. I have to admit that I was born in a time where I can no longer imagine having to live without all of the tools that are easily available to me. There is no question that I am thrilled and relieved even that I only have to pop something in the microwave for a couple of minutes in order to satisfy my hunger. There is no hesitancy that my laptop is most cherished and adored of all the tools that great minds have invented. This is especially true because of the internet which has now been declared a basic human right by the United Nations, raising its rank along the same level as food, clothing, shelter and education (as cited by Chipchase, par. 5). Google is a dear old friend who virtually knows everything I need to know when I have to finish an assignment. Email is especially welcome in how it has made communication such a breeze. Losing my mobile phone feels almost like losing an arm. But in all the exigencies that this state of constant sprint that we are in, the choice remains ours in whether to follow the flow of the current, go against it or simply remain still. In however positive or negative opinion we have of these changes in our culture, we cannot deny the fact that this is actually where our